A unit of analysis is the most basic object of a particular study in science. For example, someone who studies biology is most interested in the cellular level and how molecules build cells, then cells build organs and organs build systems. Some who studies physics is most interested in particles.
In Sociology, the basic unit of analysis is human interaction.
We do not study human behavior by studying individuals, but rather by observing how two or more individuals exchange communication between themselves, including those things that are taken for granted by the individuals. Thus, we are more interested in how they learned what to take for granted and what they must explain or communicate explicitly. Also, we are interested in all forms of communication including symbols, written language, spoken language, body language, gestures and other expressions of culture (art, music, etc.).
To study human interaction, sociologists rely upon empirical data that they can either observe or hear.
In Archaeology research the unit of analysis focuses on groups of people who lived before history was written and civilization that developed since people began writing things down.
Also see: Group
Groups and individuals may be characterized in many other ways, for instance the unit of analysis focus on their environment or their membership in larger groupings.
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